We provide a comprehensive examination of agent-based approaches that codify the principles and linkages underlying multi-agent systems, simulations, and information systems. Based on two decades of study, this paper confirms a framework intended as a formal specification for geosimulation platforms. Our findings show that large language models (LLMs) can be effectively incorporated as agent components if they follow a structured architecture specific to fundamental agent activities such as perception, memory, planning, and action. This integration is precisely consistent with the architecture that we formalize, providing a solid platform for next-generation geosimulation systems.

World Endurance Championship (WEC) racing events are characterised by a relevant performance gap among competitors. The fastest vehicles category, consisting in hybrid vehicles, has to respect energy usage constraints set by the technical regulation. Considering absence of competitors, i.e. traffic conditions, the optimal energy usage strategy for lap time minimisation is typically computed through a constrained optimisation problem. To the best of our knowledge, the majority of state-of-the-art works neglects competitors. This leads to a mismatch with the real world, where traffic generates considerable time losses. To bridge this gap, we propose a new framework to offline compute optimal strategies for the powertrain energy management considering competitors. Through analysis of the available data from previous events, statistics on the sector times and overtaking probabilities are extracted to encode the competitors' behaviour. Adopting a multi-agent model, the statistics are then used to generate realistic Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of their position along the track. The simulator is then adopted to identify the optimal strategy as follows. We develop a longitudinal vehicle model for the ego-vehicle and implement an optimisation problem for lap time minimisation in absence of traffic, based on Genetic Algorithms. Solving the optimisation problem for a variety of constraints generates a set of candidate optimal strategies. Stochastic Dynamic Programming is finally implemented to choose the best strategy considering competitors, whose motion is generated by the MC simulator. Our approach, validated on data from a real stint of race, allows to significantly reduce the lap time.

The bone fragments found in the Natalee Holloway case could match the DNA of any one of the four missing people who disappeared in or near Aruba. Holloway went missing during her vacation in Aruba, a Dutch Carribean island off Venezuela, on May 30, 2005. The investigation into Holloway's disappearance new human remains, which her parents hoped belonged to their daughter, but a subsequent forensic analysis proved they were not a match. Holloway's father and his private detective had uncovered human bone fragments in Aruba as part of the investigation that was chronicled on Oxygen's "The Disappearance of Natalee Holloway." One of the four bone samples recovered in Aruba was that of human, and Dr. Jason Kolowski, a forensic scientist, said the human bone fragments belong to a single individual.